Legality of downloading mp3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8750 words

Legality of downloading mp3 - Research Paper Example The first chapter of the paper, called â€Å"Status-quo of the illegal mp3 downloads† will analyze in the two sub-chapters the statistics and the damages of the illegal file sharing both in the national and international context and it will critically analyze the legal issues that arise from the mp3 downloads and the attempts of reforming the Canadian copyright law. The context in which illegal mp3 download can be justified in the Canadian legislative context will be studied, too. Nowadays, when there are so many talented singers, it has become a lot easier to listen to their music by using the Internet, rather than buying a licensed CD. This way, the consumer is happy, because he listens to whatever kind of music he likes, the singer is popular, because his music is downloaded from the Net thousands times per day, sometimes even more, so, at first sight, it is a win-win situation. Nevertheless, singing for the artist is a job; it is his way of earning money, so by downloading his â€Å"job† from illegal sites, the consumer is actually stealing his intellectual property, â€Å"forgetting† to pay for it. There are many contradictory opinions on this subject, and the fact that day by day the number of illegal mp3 downloads grows just makes the matter more and more actual and painful for the people whose work is being stolen. Transmitting mp3 files over the Internet has become by far the most popular method of distribution, generating in this way controversial and intense debates. The Canadians are among the lucky ones, however. The legislation permits downloading mp3 files from the internet, as long as they are not shared by the user. While the neighbors – the Americans are afraid to even enter a pirate website under the threat of a lawsuit, Canadians encounter no restriction whatsoever in downloading whatever kind of music they

How the Town of Maycomb Strongly Demonstrates Social Iniquity Essay Example for Free

How the Town of Maycomb Strongly Demonstrates Social Iniquity Essay People can be unfair, unjust, and downright cruel. In the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, there is a good demonstration by the members of Maycomb’s society of the theme of social iniquity that has very strong supporting evidence towards this opinion. Many different acts are shown to price the county of Maycomb is biased and unfair to its members. It proves things are not as they seem considering the fact that the county of Maycomb is a very proper and ‘classy’ group of people, to some extent. But, as many people read, they notice there are hidden things involved in this ‘not so proper’ place. People in Maycomb are biased towards others based on their colour, job, age, gender, age or family. In more than one way are people discriminated and treated differently due to these aspects of them. Examples that are shown in the novel of social inequity the difference in treatment from a white man compared to a black man, the missionary circle or the different age groups in Maycomb. In the county, there are a group of ladies that like to get together and ‘talk’ about situations that go on in Maycomb and get each other’s input on each of the situations that are brought up. They like to call themselves the missionary circle. Some people think that this group is just a group built to gossip. â€Å"I heard Mrs. Grace Merriweather giving her report in the living room on the equalled lives of the mrunas, it sounded to me. They put the women out in huts when their time came, whatever that was; they had no sense of family- I knew that’d distress Aunty.† (Lee, 121). This quote is simply just an example of what the missionary circle talks about. They find different topics and news about the county and gather around at different locations to talk about it, acting as if they are a club. They all have  different opinions, sometimes belittling different figures or characters in the novel. Some of the opinions given from the members reflect upon other members opinions of situations or characters making some opinions bias. Some of the things said by the missionary circle’s members can be untrue. Since the characters or figures that are being spoken about are not there to defend or give their point of view, this makes the judgement unfair. â€Å"I tell you there are some good but misguided people in the town. Good but misguided.† (124). This quote is in reference to Atticus. Some people could say this quote has a significant impact on this novel because it opens the discussion of the group up to different people in the town and the judgement, sometimes false, that they get from people. Everyone has their own opinions of others, sometimes their opinion is part of someone else’s. The missionary circle’s members are socially high in the rankings from the opinions of others. They tend to be the ‘popular’ group in Maycomb which is why Alexandra wanted to join the group in the first place. The members of the missionary circle consider themselves fine upstanding Christian women of Maycomb. The missionary circle talks about different people in Maycomb and where they are ranked in the social standards to their perspective. The black people of Maycomb tend to be a topic the group talks about and most of the rest of the county. In the novel, people tend to make it seem as though black people are treated very poorly compared to white people. White people think they are better than them and consider it a crime if a black man beats a white man in any way shape or form. This is when Tom Robinson comes into play. He is a huge aspect of the book. He is put into trial for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell. When the court date comes, the information gathered from both sides point to Tom as being innocent. Many people suspect Mr. Bob Ewell was the man that beat Mayella for coming to a black man. Evidence suggest that Tom Robinson only losses his case because of his colour. Even in the courtroom, people are divided by their colour and class. The black people of the crowd have to sit on the balcony while the white folk sit on the floor. This is  discrimination against the black race. They are treated differently than the white people because of false and prejudice judgement and opinions of others. â€Å"A white man’s word against a black man’s word, the white man always wins.†(Lee, 243) This quote is a significant piece of evidence that represents the injustice and biased treatment against black people in Maycomb. This can also demonstrate the fact of how Maycomb tends to be bias towards characteristics of people or families that are out of their control such as age, gender, wealth, race or even your family. Everything the people in Maycomb are is based upon these factors that are out of their control. Atticus tells Scout â€Å"It’s not okay to hate anybody.† (pg. 246). This quote is significant because Atticus is trying to tell Scout that you can’t not like anyone for no reason. He is telling her not to judge a book by its cover. He could be suggesting giving everyone a chance before you give them a negative judgement. In a way, Atticus is trying to navigate Scout away from the common disease in Maycomb of false judgement unlike the rest of Maycomb. Not many people see how they are unfair to each other but it tends to stand out to Atticus which is why he tries to treat people fairly. Atticus also tries teaching Jem and Scout to be respectful to elders and the adults in Maycomb. There are different cases for different people that are older that the kids don’t understand and Atticus is trying to make them appreciate them without telling them their situations. In the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, the role of adults is huge. When Scout first goes to school, her first teacher, Mrs. Caroline Fisher, doesn’t know the customs of the county so she   assumes something about the Cunningham’s family. She doesn’t know that the Cunningham’s don’t take anything they couldn’t pay back so it seemed as though she got offended when Walter didn’t take the quarter. Everyone in the class knows what the Cunningham’s are like so when this happens, the class reacted surprised. Mrs. Fisher did not show an act of false judgement which shows that things change in Maycomb. Over time, people begin to look at different situations a bias way due to the perspectives of others. She also  doesn’t like the fact that Scout can read. It seems as though she was discouraged by a child’s knowledge and didn’t know how to react towards it. â€Å"Jem and I hated her. If she was on the porch when we passed, we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior, and given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to when we grew up, which was always nothing.† (Lee, 13). This quote shows the false judgement on Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose on the children. Most of the adults in Maycomb do not fully respect Jem and Scout. This is because of their age; something they cannot control. People treat them differently based on this because nobody stands up for them except themselves. The adults have no reason to follow along in someone else’s footsteps in this aspect because no one is making the footsteps for anyone to follow in. Stephanie Crawford even told me once she woke up in the middle of the night and found him looking in the window at her. I said what did you do, Stephanie, move over in the bed and make room for him? That shut her up a while. (48). The meaning of this quote could be interpreted many different ways. Mrs. Maudie is saying this about Boo Radley. He is a very mysterious man. Many people in the town have made false accusations about him, not knowing who he truly is, not even what he looks like. Boo is considered a complete outcast to Maycomb. It is as though he doesn’t exist. People don’t even put the initiative to get to know Boo Radley because if they did, they would be considered weird. Mrs. Maudie is, in a way, sticking up for Boo because she doesn’t believe in false judgement. This is Mrs. Maudie showing the opposite of what most adults in Maycomb. People in Maycomb tend to follow other people. This is when a movement happens. The movement in the novel, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is social iniquity because of the decisions made upon the citizens in Maycomb. In a way, the missionary circle is a group of people looking for followers in order to continue their ‘club’ and stream of gossip. People in Maycomb discriminate different people due to their race. This is why black man is considered to be less than a white man in Maycomb’s social standards. It is a cruel judgement which is why everyone should be given a fair chance before they are given a label. People also judge people by their age. All of these  discriminating factors are things you cannot control. It is downright cruel and unfair. Social inequity is something quite simple that should be fixed. Many crucial factors in the novel end up being decided by discrimination. Most people in Maycomb don’t want to break the trend of discrimination and start a new movement by standing up for what is right. It could be very easy to fix. Why carry it on? There isn’t a point. People just end up being punished or judged due to these factors which isn’t right. People shouldn’t be judged on aspects of themselves that they can’t control. Don’t be a follower, be a leader.

Selling Your Used Car Essay -- essays research papers fc

Process Essay Thesis: The majority of the American population has very little, or no understanding of the used car trade. A simple understanding on when and where to sell, how to get your car ready, writing a classified ad, negotiating, and making a contract.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With consumer demand rising and supply constrained by several factors, including the tendency of new-car owners to hang on to them longer, prices for used vehicles have been climbing steadily. According to one recent study, nearly three times as many shoppers now want to buy a used, rather than a new, vehicle. (Dalglish)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In trying to find the perfect buyer, your options include: new-car dealers, used-car dealers, and friends and strangers. New-car dealers are generally eager and ready to buy. They are incredibly picky about every aspect of a car’s condition. New-car dealers will be choosy about the make and model, preferring newer models in relatively good condition.(Makower) They will pay a relatively low price for the car. Used-car dealers are also eager to buy and incredibly picky about every aspect of a car’s condition. But they aren’t very choosy about the cars they buy. However, they will pay a rock-bottom price for the car. Friends and strangers are usually eager and ready to buy. They will be much less picky, and rely more on your word for information. They will be choosy about the car, but will already be interested in the car through your ad. You will get the best price, through negotiations, but you have to work harder. The best time to sell is in t he springtime when the weather turns nice. Other good times are in September when kids are going off to college; and in the dead of winter, when there is no competition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is possible to turn the average used-car into a saleable commodity in just a few hours. You should dress up your car, regardless of the condition you normally keep it in. You want to make it clean, neat, and even smelling nice. You must do this to the entire car, inside and out, from one end to the other. Most car buyers understand that appearance is a good indicator of how well someone treated the car overall. Nine important steps to take are: washing and waxing, painting and touching up, cleaning your tires, a thorough cleaning of the interior, gather all the important documents, steam... ...importantly, make copies of everything you sign. The bill of sale is the basic car-buying document that records the transaction. The following should be included: the date of the sale, year and make and model of the car, state registration, VIN number, odometer reading, amount sale is for, extra conditions, and the buyer’s and seller’s names and addresses and phone numbers. Make sure that each party gets a copy of the bill of sale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A large percentage of the population uses the automobile regularly. The majority of the population, over 90%, has little or no understanding of the car buying art. (Robertson) Many people feel that selling their car themselves can be a real hassle. But, if you can realize that you will get several hundred dollars more than what a dealer might offer you, it just may be worth a little effort and time on your part. Works Cited Dalglish, Brenda. â€Å"Better Than New: used-car prices jump as consumer demand grows.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maclean’s 10 Jul. 1995: 22-24 Makower, Joel. How to Sell a Used Car. New York: Perigee Books, 1988. Robertson, C.B. How to Deal on an Automobile. Lyons: Blue Mountain Publisher, 1988.

English †comparing 1984 & The Handmaid’s Tale Essay

In The Handmaid’s Tale Margaret Atwood puts across the sense of mystery, things that were once there but are no more. She talks about ‘the pungent smell of sweat, shot through with the sweet smell of chewing gum and perfume’ which came from the girls who once watched the basketball matches that were ‘formally played there’. In the first section of this book we get the feeling that the character is quite lost, lost in what once was and not in the here and now. She tells us about the dances that ‘would have been held there’ and the lingering music that she could still hear very faintly. We get the feeling that this women has very little, no personal belongings, no wealth; nothing. The fact that the women in this building were not even allowed to exchange names tells the reader that this is some kind of prison, the women have no freedom they are constantly being watched by the ‘Angels’ likewise in Nineteen Eighty-Four written by George Orwell there is a significant similarity between the ‘Angels’ in The Handmaid’s Tale and the Posters in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Angels watch over the women and in Nineteen Eighty-Four the poster which is described as a ‘one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move.’ Watch over everyone who passes by it. Beneath it the caption read ‘BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU’ giving off the impression that someone, somewhere is watching this middle aged man. The man described on the poster some might say could only be the description of Hitler; ‘a man of about forty-five, with s heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features’ Winston also tells us that the posters were ‘plastered everywhere’ also revealing, like The Handmaid’s Tale that nowhere is safe. Adding to this is the telescreen, which cannot be switched off again may be a sign that someone or something is always watching you, and that you are never alone. Both the Angels and the Posters in these books are very intimidating figures or ‘objects of fear.’ The Angels did not look or talk to the women just stood with their backs to them to show domination. Correspondingly the ‘enormous face, more than a metre wide’ plastered on the walls with the eyes that followed you when you move is also seen as a sign of domination. The two figures show signs of both aggression and great importance, the fact that the Angles will not talk or look at the women tells us that they are seen as more significant than them. In addition to this the fact that there are so many of these posters and the fixating look on the enormous face also shows great discomfort and stress.

Cat in the Rain Essay

Cat in the Rain is a short story about an American couple on vacation to Italy. They are in their first year of marriage. The husband has a dismissive attitude towards the wife and the wife always wants more. In the story the couple has a lot of selfishness going on in their relationship. The husband ignores his wife’s needs and the wife and the wife is not satisfied with her husband. The theme of this story has a lot to do with loneliness in the couples’ relationship. In this story the American couple is trapped in their hotel room with nothing to do because of the raining weather. The husband wants to read and ignore his wife. So the wife is looking out the window and sees a cat crouched from the rain. She wants to go downstairs and get the cat. She tells her husband about it and he shrugs it off. The wife goes down herself and the story talks a lot about how she likes the inn keeper. I find that this part of the story most affected me when the husband ignored his wife’s wants and needs. She really wanted that cat because it was something for her to do and feel good about. Her husband obviously doesn’t satisfy her which makes her feel lonely and the cat would keep her company. The wife in this story wants to feel appreciated and loved like any other woman would. Being married for their first year is beginning to be hard for them. Hemingway tries to tell about a first marriage of a couple he once knew and how hard it is for some to always keep that happiness. Couples always have disagreements but should never feel alone. A husband should not ignore his wife’s needs and in this story that is what he does instead of trying to satisfy his wife. Close to the ending of this story the wife was not able to find the cat. She came back in the hotel room very sad. She tries to tell her husband but he does not listen. She starts complaining about what she wants to change about herself. She wants â€Å"her hair to be long so she can brush it† and she wants a cat. The husband can only say that he likes things the way they are. He tells her to shut up. He does not care what the wife’s needs are or what she wants. He does not want to listen and he just wants to read which is what he wishes she would do. This part of the story really interested me because I could not get as to why the husband doesn’t respond to what she asks for. The wife desperately wants attention and he is not giving it to her. The story of the American couple explains a lot about how the wife tries to get attention from the husband. Hemingway talks about a cat but behind that cat this story means more. The lack of attention her husband gives her may make her feel that she is restricted on expressing herself and keeps most of her feelings inside. The cat stays compact to stay dry outside, which is how the wife feels she has to be with her husband to make him happy. She hides herself constantly from him. In this story it relates to her as American wife and never tells her name. This kind of says that she is nothing but an American wife which is exactly how she feels. Hemingway had a unique way of telling the story but the way he told it had a lot of meaning to it. He showed the couples loneliness in a different way.

Explore the Hidden Infrared Universe

Explore the Hidden Infrared Universe To Do Astronomy, Astronomers Need Light Most people learn astronomy by looking at things that give off light they can see. That includes stars, planets, nebulae, and galaxies. The light we SEE is called visible light (since it is visible to our eyes). Astronomers usually refer to it as optical wavelengths of light. Beyond the Visible There are, of course, other wavelengths of light besides visible light. To get a complete view of an object or event in the universe, astronomers want to detect as many different kinds of light as possible. Today there are branches of astronomy known best for the light they study: gamma-ray, x-ray, radio, microwave, ultraviolet, and infrared.   Diving into the Infrared Universe Infrared light is radiation given off by things that are warm. It is sometimes called heat energy. Everything in the universe radiates at least some portion of its light in the infrared - from chilly comets and icy moons to clouds of gas and dust in the galaxies. Most infrared light from objects in space is absorbed by Earths atmosphere, so astronomers are used to putting infrared detectors in space. Two of the best-known recent infrared observatories are the Herschel observatory and the Spitzer Space Telescope. Hubble Space Telescope has infrared-sensitive instruments and cameras, as well. Some high-altitude observatories such as Gemini Observatory  and the European Southern Observatory can be equipped with infrared detectors; this is because they are above much of Earths atmosphere and can capture some infrared light from distant celestial objects. Whats Out there Giving Off Infrared Light? Infrared astronomy helps observers peer into regions of space that would be invisible to us at visible (or other) wavelengths. For example, clouds of gas and dust where stars are born are very opaque (very thick and tough to see into). These would be places like the Orion Nebula  where stars are being born even as we read this. They also exist in places like the Horsehead Nebula. The stars inside (or near) these clouds heat the up their surroundings, and infrared detectors can see those stars. In other words, the infrared radiation they give off travels through the clouds and our detectors can thus see into places of starbirth.   What other objects are visible in the infrared? Exoplanets (worlds around other stars), brown dwarfs (objects too hot to be planets but too cool to be stars), dust disks around distant stars and planets, heated disks around black holes, and many other objects are visible in infrared wavelengths of light. By studying their infrared signals, astronomers can deduce a great deal of information about the objects emitting them, including their temperatures, velocities, and chemical compositions.   Infrared Exploration of a Turbulent and Troubled Nebula As an example of the power of infrared astronomy, consider the Eta Carina nebula. Its shown here in an infrared view from the Spitzer Space Telescope. The star at the heart of the nebula is called Eta Carinae- a massively supergiant star that will eventually blow up as a supernova. It is tremendously hot, and about 100 times the mass of the Sun. It washes its surrounding area of space with immense amounts of radiation, which sets nearby clouds of gas and dust to glowing in the infrared. The strongest radiation, the ultraviolet (UV), is actually tearing the clouds of gas and dust apart in a process called photodissociation. The result is a sculptured cavern in the cloud, and the loss of material to make new stars. In this image, the cavern is glowing in the infrared, which allows us to see the details of the clouds that are left.   These are just a few of the objects and events in the universe that can be explored with infrared-sensitive instruments, giving us new insights into the ongoing evolution of our cosmos.

The House and Senate essays

The House and Senate essays In 1781 at the Constitutional Convention was where it all began. Everything was put on the table for the hope of a new and improved well working government. Since there was already a preview (The Articles of Confederation) of what our government was shaping out to be 55 men strived, persuaded, compromised and worked diligently for a strong constitution. Thanks to the Great compromise out came the solution. There was to be three branches of national government: Legislative, Executive and Judicial. In todays constitution Article 1 is discussing the first of the three branches, the Legislative Branch. This is in fact the longest article of the Constitution; there is much to cover. The Legislative Branch consists of the Congress, the Senate and The House of Representatives. There are many duties and details to this powerful branch but its main and major job is to make our countries laws. The lawmaking process is quite a lengthy process. The law (bill) must be purposed to either house and then is sent to a committee. From there it is either re-written as a recommend passage or ignored. After this it is read over and if the bill has made it this far then the whole house votes on the bill. If it passes favorably then the second house votes on it after this the bill goes to the president. The president has some choices he can pass the law by signing it, reject it or veto it. Though the House and the Senate play a large role in the lawmaking process they have different duties. I n the Senate their duties consist of: passing bills, approving treaties by the President, jury of impeachment process and they also approve the selection of certain federal officers. The duties of the house are, pass bills to the Senate and President, sole power of impeachment process and they also have the important duty of selecting the president if there is no majority vote. All of these processes and details make our laws and leg ...

ESL Conversation Lesson Plan on Creating a New Society

ESL Conversation Lesson Plan on Creating a New Society This classic conversation lesson plan is based on the idea of creating a new society. Students must decide which laws will be followed and how many freedoms will be allowed. This lesson works well for ESL students of most levels (except beginners) because the subject brings out many strong opinions. Aim: Building conversation skills, expressing opinionsActivity: Group activity deciding on the laws for a new societyLevel: ​Pre-intermediate to advanced Lesson Plan Outline Help activate vocabulary by asking students which laws they admire most and least in their own country - and why.Divide students into groups of 4 to 6. Try to include as many different personalities as possible in each group (to provide for more stimulating discussion!).Explain the following situation to the class: A large area of your country has been set aside by the current government for the development of a new nation. This area will include an invited international community of 20,000 men and women. Imagine that your group has to decide the laws of this new country.Distribute the worksheet and ask students to discuss the questions.Answer the worksheet as a class - ask the opinions of each group and leave ample time for discussion of differing opinions.As a follow-up activity, the class could discuss which laws and customs they would like to change in their own country. Scenario and Accompanying Questions Populate Ideal Land A large area of your country has been set aside by the current government for the development of a new nation. This area will include an invited international community of 20,000 men and women. Imagine that your group has to decide the laws of this new country. Questions to Ask Which political system will the country have?What will the official language(s) be?Will there be censorship?What industries will your country try to develop?Will citizens be allowed to carry a gun?Will there be the death penalty?Will there be a state religion?What kind of immigration policy will there be?What will the educational system be like? Will there be compulsory education to a certain age?Who will be allowed to marry?

Business Case Study Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Case Study Review - Essay Example -Hello- I am not asking for anything different than what is in the attached insturctions. All steps 1-5 were included in request where an action plan is step 5. Please compelte this and 2 days is fine I will fix the rest. Â   The initial instruction: To read the case study and apply all of the steps as indicated on my attachment. You can use bullets but make sure all steps are answered for the McDonalds "Seniors" Case Study I did answer all the steps 1-4 in bullet form for that is what you requested. Step 5 cannot be answered in bullet form so I assumed it was not part of the task. Furthermore your order consists of 4 pages only at 250 words a page. That would amount to a mere 1000 words. With this bullet answers, we have already covered 1498 words. We have exceeded the word limit by 498 words already. you are not obliged to do any extra work for free. If you have completed the paper up to the initial instructions, please upload the same file to the order page and advise the Customer to place a new order. Or let us know for mow many extra pages we should charge him, if the additional work pertains to this paper 5. No documents have been forwarded. All information is from observations of the Manager. Data on population of the town: number and ages- can be obtained from national statistics office if the town; data on average number of elderly that stay up to 3pm or mid afternoon can be recorded by the door guard. All information is from observations of the Manager hence it is a first hand account and very reliable. The source definitely has an interest in the case since she is the manager and it is her responsibility. 8. The problem is urgent because the number of elderly staying for prolonged periods is increasing. The impact of other possible effects relative to this cannot be estimated at this time but immediate action is better than a singed reputation. 9. The stakes are high. If the manager is unable to find a

Product Innovation and Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Innovation and Pricing - Essay Example The camera has an automatic mode which will enable reasonable quality photographs by even people with minimal knowledge of the subject. The price at less than $300 is attractive by market conditions. Here is a camera for the amateur photographer which is easy to carry and to use, with the potential to take sharp and good quality photographs with simplicity. The camera is clearly on the upper right quadrant of a VO Grid, and has the potential to participate aggressively in the emergent mass market for basic digital cameras for amateur use. The Canon Power Shot S3 is a study in contrast with the earlier model. It meets the special needs of photography enthusiasts and professionals who may wish to take sharp photographs of objects and people at long distances. The technical features and capabilities of this product sacrifice convenience almost entirely because it is large enough to require a case of its own and would need to be slung around the user's neck. It can draw attention in a social situation which many people would not like. However, it does offer physical evidence of the user being a photography enthusiast or even a professional. This camera cost about $500, which means that only those committed to regular and specialized use would be willing to make purchase decisions in its favor. The major value proposition is the 12x zoom which a relatively small niche of people may value. It offers high value for a certain target, but would not be of interest to most consumers. The Canon Power Shot A 540 has 3 direct competitors: the Casio Exilim EX-Z850, the Fujifilm FinePix F 10, and the Sony Cyber Shot DSC-T9. The relative inconvenience of conventional film cameras implies that the indirect competition is not serious. The high resolution and high portability of these cameras place them in a category distinct from video cameras. The market segment of amateurs, who need a convenient and easy solution for occasional photographs, is adequately met by these four brands to compete adequately with each other as a set. The Fujifilm presents a strong challenge with a price tag just below $200. It is an important benefit for the company to promote and has the potential to hit its 3 competitors hard. The Sony, with a 58 MB memory, has a key advantage of being able to store significantly more images than any of the competitors. Running out of memory can be a common problem on any occasion, and it may not always be possible to transfer records to storage media at frequent intervals. The Sony therefore offers a value parameter that the competition cannot match, hence Sony should be able to use this feature to gain market share. The Casio, with 8.1 Mega Pixels can offer large prints of excellent resolution, but most people who would value this feature may opt for more professional cameras. However, there is scope for Casio to add plenty of service (Payne, 2002) by way of creating awareness of the advantages of large prints, in order to create new demand for its product. 8.1 Mega Pixels at less than 5 oz weight is a combination with value potential for customers, but the company will have to work towards generating demand. The Canon is a kind of compromise, offering a balance of the features of its competitors. Competitive Pricing It is entirely legal for a restaurant owner to copy the price of a generic dish from a competitor, as long as he or she

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking - Essay Example From this perspective it is clear that a critical thinking initiative simply makes good business sense. There is little question that the business environment of today is changing rapidly. Through the process of globalization employees of a major organization are exposed to a number of new challenges. Chartrand et al. (2009) emphasized that there are three keys to critical thinking that need to be implemented which are the RED Model. Recognize assumptions- Separate fact from opinion and gather information from a variety of different stakeholders. Evaluate arguments- Although it is difficult not to bring one’s prejudices to an issue, employees need to be taught not to simply jump to a conclusion and weigh all options. Draw Conclusions- After all information is in hand and sound reasoning is applied employees should employ ‘good judgment’ based on the facts. The risks associated with a business environment that does not encourage critical thinking was highlighted by MSNBC (2007) wherein the case Study of Circuit City was presented.

The role of cell phone usage in the dialectic of autonomy vs Research Paper

The role of cell phone usage in the dialectic of autonomy vs connection within young adult romantic relationships - Research Paper Example Does a relationship exist between cell phone application and perceptions of the dialectical autonomy pressure versus connection among romantic relationships in young people? â€Å"What sources of autonomy-connection conflict pertain to cell phone use within romantic relationships do individuals report?† Does a difference on sources of phone-based conflicts exist between individuals who experience â€Å"high versus low levels of autonomy-connection dialectical tension†? Which strategies to the target population use to resolve autonomy-connection conflicts that relates to cell phone application? (Duran, Kelly and Rotaru, 2011, p. 23). The researchers do not offer research hypotheses but these can be inferred from the research questions. The authors explain their expected findings on the research questions from the literature review that established existing knowledge in the subject of study and the aim of expanding the existing knowledge and this means that the study†™s findings are supposed to be consistent with the already developed knowledge regarding the research questions. The authors relied on previously developed information and not specific theories (Duran, Kelly and Rotaru, 2011). Analysis of the methods section The researchers’ description of participants’ selection strategy identifies a stratified sampling approach, a techniques that classifies participants into categories with identifiable features before sampling from each category. Stratified sampling is recognized for generating representative samples. The categories, used by the researchers, are upper division courses and lower division courses. Two hundred and ten participants were used in the study, 145 of whom were women while 45 were men and the participants had an average age of... The role of cell phone usage in the dialectic of autonomy vs connection within young adult romantic relationships The statement of purpose is therefore clear and is expressly stated. The author’s offers many justifications for undertaking the study and one of the justifications is existence of information gap on the subtopic that remains unexplored within the wider topic of mobile phones usability. Background information into the study that identifies increasing trend in phone ownership among teenagers, previous studies on rates of phone applications and the role of phone in social initiatives, among friends, and within social networks with little focus on the role of phone usage in dialectic autonomy versus connection among adults is one of the offered reasons for the study. The need to obtain solutions for developed questions from the study’s background information is another justification that the authors offer for the study. The questions relate to partners’ perception of the role of mobile phones on â€Å"autonomy-connection dialectic† and potential conflict amon g partners regarding cell phone usage. The researchers’ description of participants’ selection strategy identifies a stratified sampling approach, a techniques that classifies participants into categories with identifiable features before sampling from each category. Stratified sampling is recognized for generating representative samples. The categories, used by the researchers, are upper division courses and lower division courses. Two hundred and ten participants were used in the study, 145 of whom were women while 45 were men and the participants had an average age of 20.62.

Politeness theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politeness theory - Essay Example he same time also uses a variety of non-verbal communications such as through hand gestures, eye gaze (or specific types of eye contact known as oculesics), facial expressions (a smile or frown), touch or tactile messages (known as haptics), the approximate distance when speaking to another person (known as proxemics), and the speaking style used (together with the tone, pitch, volume, and rate of speaking the words such as harried, urgent, or demanding, known as prosody). It is collectively termed as kinesics or the study of body language (Birdwhistell, 2011). Modern civilization came about as the result of the use of sophisticated communications through verbal and non-verbal means; the spoken word, speech, and language are used to convey ideas and thoughts to other people. While this is a cultural universal (meaning it appears in all the cultures of the world), there are certain specific meanings or nuances involved in each type of culture where language is used. While kinesics is admittedly an important emerging field of study for sociologists, highly-evolved societies employ a variety of means to convey messages in a way that kinesics cannot. People in all cultures value the importance of a positive self-image as a way to structure the hierarchy in a society that in turn helps people to maintain harmony. When people interact with each other, it is the spoken word that is primarily used to aid in conveying a message but this process is a complex one as it involves both the speaker and the listener. Put differently, a speaker has to make a careful choice of words to ensure his listener is not put in a bad light or in a difficult situation; messages and their meaning must be conveyed in the right way to avoid unintentional embarrassment, possible conflict or undue misunderstanding which can harm interpersonal relationships and negate the very purpose of communication. This desire to maintain excellent social relationships gives rise to the concept of face or

Science and Scientific Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Science and Scientific Change - Essay Example I regard Kuhn’s contribution to the field as one of the most important, not because I think he’s correct, but because it radically changed the way people think about the nature and purpose of science. Before Kuhn, philosophers generally regarded science as a rational and logical enterprise, with strict standards that guaranteed objectivity. What Kuhn shows, in his The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970), is that science, as well as scientific change, is not as rational as we think. Scientists themselves are guided not by a set of objective principles, but by their personal interests and values as much as anything else. Many philosophers and scientists have criticized Kuhn for portraying scientific change as an irrational process, one of them being Imre Lakatos. In this paper, I shall focus on the debate between Kuhn and Popper, as emphasized by Lakatos in his Falsification and The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. I shall divide this paper into four main parts: the first part will discuss Popper’s views on science and scientific change. Part two will be devoted to Thomas Kuhn’s analysis of the irrationality of science and paradigm shifts. The third part will synthesize the Popperian and Kuhnian debate. Here I will introduce Lakatos’ critique against Kuhn. Finally, I shall end my paper with my conclusion regarding the said issue at hand. Karl Popper What is the main difference between scientific theories and non-scientific theories? This is often referred to as the demarcation problem, which asks, what criterion can we use to distinguish scientific claims from non-scientific claims? What demarcates science from non-science? This is Karl Popper’s most renowned contribution. Yet what solution did Popper offer to his said problem? Popper’s solution to the demarcation problem is really quite simple. He says that what distinguishes scientific claims from non-scientific ones is its falsifiability. Thus, a hypothesis is scientific if and only if there is some way in which it can be falsified by means of some experiment. If we cannot construct an experiment, which can potentially falsify a hypothesis, then the hypothesis, even if meaningful, is really not scientific. In line with these two theories that are foundational to Popper’s philosophy, it is clear that Popper views science as a rational enterpri se, where theory-change is characterized by scientific progress. According to Popper, science changes through a two-step cycle. Stage one is conjecture, and the second stage is attempted refutation. Under the stage of conjecture, a theory is proposed as an attempt to solve the problem at hand. The theory is then put to test by attempted refutations. Attempted refutation occurs when â€Å"the hypothesis is subjected to critical testing, in an attempts to show that it is false† (Godfrey-Smith 61). Moreover, Popper notes that after the hypothesis is refuted, the process repeats again starting from a new conjecture, and so on and so forth. If the theory is corroborated, then it is temporarily accepted as un-refuted, but not justified. What is important to take note of here is that as the process

Politeness theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politeness theory - Essay Example he same time also uses a variety of non-verbal communications such as through hand gestures, eye gaze (or specific types of eye contact known as oculesics), facial expressions (a smile or frown), touch or tactile messages (known as haptics), the approximate distance when speaking to another person (known as proxemics), and the speaking style used (together with the tone, pitch, volume, and rate of speaking the words such as harried, urgent, or demanding, known as prosody). It is collectively termed as kinesics or the study of body language (Birdwhistell, 2011). Modern civilization came about as the result of the use of sophisticated communications through verbal and non-verbal means; the spoken word, speech, and language are used to convey ideas and thoughts to other people. While this is a cultural universal (meaning it appears in all the cultures of the world), there are certain specific meanings or nuances involved in each type of culture where language is used. While kinesics is admittedly an important emerging field of study for sociologists, highly-evolved societies employ a variety of means to convey messages in a way that kinesics cannot. People in all cultures value the importance of a positive self-image as a way to structure the hierarchy in a society that in turn helps people to maintain harmony. When people interact with each other, it is the spoken word that is primarily used to aid in conveying a message but this process is a complex one as it involves both the speaker and the listener. Put differently, a speaker has to make a careful choice of words to ensure his listener is not put in a bad light or in a difficult situation; messages and their meaning must be conveyed in the right way to avoid unintentional embarrassment, possible conflict or undue misunderstanding which can harm interpersonal relationships and negate the very purpose of communication. This desire to maintain excellent social relationships gives rise to the concept of face or

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Before these theories one important concept to be understood is from the Maslow's Hierarchy of needs and the Mclleland's need theory. These theories do set the steps for other theories, as organizations tend to fulfill their employee needs so as to prosper. Coming to the theories we have Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. This has been a quite a study as it focuses on the employee behavior and how to handle such type of employees. Theory X states that employees are lazy and dislike work. It said that it's a human psychology to dislike work and put less effort. It demanded that people be coerced to work and some do not work until they are threatened for punishment or so. The theory also suggested that as they are de-motivated to work, employees require close supervision and direction to complete the task involved otherwise there would be an organizational loss. It also emphasized on the fact that most people want to delineate authority and avoid responsibilities therefore they prefer to be directed and moreover have no or less self control. People lying in this category mostly feel un-secure and have little ambition to go beyond. On the other hand Theory Y states that work is natural activity. People inducted in this theory are said to have self-control and ability to self-direct. They want to have authority and ambition to go beyond. They put in their best to achieve a task involved. The flow of rewards makes them more committed to the organizational objectives. As stated they seek responsibility and want to create something that can fascinate or at least that can be well regarded within the organizational framework. This theory has helped managers to bring out the most from their employees and have made it possible to design ways of improving productivity. Fredrick Wilson Taylor Moving forth we have the Scientific Management Theory by F.W. Taylor which also tends to focus on employees. This theory made it possible for the employers to make betted use of their resources and achieve the organizational objectives in a better fashion. There are 4 pointers in this theory which are the core. The core elements of this theory are: 1. The development of a discipline for each constituent of a man's work to substitute the old 'rule-of-thumb' techniques. 2. The scientific development, selection and training of workers instead of giving them choice of selecting their own task which they think they can best do. 3. There should be a good relationship among the employees and the management in order to carry out the designed procedures. 4. The distribution of work between workers and the management in about equal allocation, such that each group takes authority of what it can better do instead of relying more on workers only. Taylor's observation of the motivations of workers has had a deep influence throughout the century. According to Taylor we all have to make choices and thus are rational and this belief led him to formulate payment systems that very much related the kind of effort he wanted with the level of reward offered. As a fact, there was strong criticism of this premise that treats humans like machines and presupposes that workers

Aquatic Flora of Pulicat Lake Essay Example for Free

Aquatic Flora of Pulicat Lake Essay Pulicat lake derived its name from a vernacular name ‘Palaverkadu’ means plants with many number of roots. Those plants are mangroves with aerial roots called Pneumatophores. The word mangrove is considered to be a combination of the Portuguese word â€Å"Mangue† and English Word â€Å"Grove†. These are salt tolerant plants and are rich in this area and might be the reason for that name. The lake harbours rich and valued floristic wealth because of its varied ecological habitat viz., salt marshes, canals, mangroves, islands, low lying areas etc. A careful study of literature revealed that the lake has hardly received attention by the botanical explorers and hence it has remained botanically under-explored so far. But its fauna was extensively studied by many zoologists Nanda Kumar et.al . A.R.KSastry and T.A. Rao (1973) in their extensive study on the flora and vegetation of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, have recorded about 15 species from the island of the lake. Pulicat lake derived its name from a vernacular name ‘Palaverkadu’ means plants with many number of roots. The lagoon’s boundary limits range between 13.33 ° to 13.66 ° N and 80.23 ° to 80.25 °E, with a dried part of the lagoon extending up to 14.0 °N.; with about 84% of the lagoon in Andhra Pradesh and 16% in Tamil Nadu. The large spindle-shaped barrier island named Sriharikota separates the lake from the Bay of Bengal. Area Three major Rivers which feed the lagoon are Arani river, Kalangi river and Swarmukhi river. The Buckingham Canal, a navigation Channel is part of the lagoon on its western side. It is connected to the sea through three tidal inlets, one each at Tupilipalem, Rayadoruvu and Pulilcat villages respectively, from north to south. Study was undertaken in the Pulicat lake and data of aquatic flora collected by frequent visits during 2009-2010. Close up Photographs of as many as possible and associations depicting the richness of the macrophytes of the lake were taken. Herbaria of various aquatic plants also collected for future reference. Herbaria-specimens are preserved at N.B.K.R. Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Vidyanagar, Nellore District. Results and Discussions Brackish water is more saltier than fresh water and less saltier than sea water. Hence it is biologically more productive than either freshwater or sea water. It shows very rich aquatic population diversity including free floating, submerged, suspended, marginal, amphibious plants along with halophytes and mangroves. Region of pulicat lake includes salt marshes, canals and mangroves. Salt marshes often inundated by backwaters are mostly occupied by halophytes. They include Aleuropous lagopoides, Etriplex repens, Cressa cretica, Crotalaria retusa, Cyparus haspan, Fimbristylils ferrugenea, Salilchornia brachiata , Sesuvium portulacastrum Etc. Similar halophytic species scattered along the banks of Buckingham canal and Vapenjeri canal flowing with brackish water. Halophila ovalis popularly called sea grass belong to the family Hydrochariticeae appear prominently all along the margins Buckingham canal. Small mangrove pockets are located at two places namely near Vepenjeri canal close to Chandrasikuppam, and near Chengalpalem. Four species of mangroves belonging to four families are prominent over here. They include Aegiceras corniculatus of Myrsiraceae, Avicennia marina of Aviceiniaceae, Excoecaria agallocha of Euphorbiaceae and Lumintzera racemosa of Combretaceae. They develop pneumatophores in response to oxygen deficient conditions Significance of macrophytes to the lake: Macrophytes provide cover for fish and substrate for aquatic invertebrates, produce oxygen and act as food for some fish and wild life. Established mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, there by enhancing sediment deposition. The fine anoxic sediments under mangroves act as sinks for a variety of heavy (trace) metal with colloidal particles in the sediments scavenged from the water. They protect coastal areas from erosion, storms and tsunamis. Their massive root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy. Conclusion A decline in the macrophytic population may indicate water quality problem. They may be the result of excessive turbidgidy, pollutants including herbicides or salinization. It may lead to a major socio economic problem. One village in Tamilnadu was protected from tsunami destruction. That village is Naluvedapathy planted 80.244 saplings to get into the Guinness Book of World Records. This created a kilometer wide belt of trees of various varieties. When the tsunami struck, much of the land around the village was flooded but the village escaped form minimal damage. Many conservative methods have to be practiced to protect the macrophytic flora of the lake.

White Male Power vs the Other Essay -- Race, The Power of an Illusion

Abstract Thomas King’s story, â€Å"‘You’ll Never Believe What Happened’ Is Always a Great Way To Start†, " Race, Class and Gender in Asian America" by Yen Le Espiritu and " Zebra: Growing up Black and White in Canada" by Lawrence Hill all illustrate how people of minority deal with their intersectionality of gender, race and ethnicity and their limitations that the dominant ideology of the west puts on them. Introduction Since the beginning of time stories were a major influence in the ways generations would pass down knowledge to the younger generations. The power of stories and storytelling teaches individuals valuable lessons and good morals that help mold them into reasonable citizens. In western society children are exposed to stories since childhood whether it is through parents telling their child a story, children over hearing people talk about a story or physically reading a story themselves. Once individuals are exposed to a story, they can never take back the knowledge and the information they have gained. In addition, what story you read or hear and what the storyteller’s intersectionality and bias are influences how you as an individual look at the world. The power of storytelling allows people of minority "the other" to educate while bringing more awareness in inequality in their intersectionality of gender, race, and ethnicity as it is becoming a norm that the dominant ideolo gy of the west decides to ignore, as it benefits them. Therefore, intersectionality in western society limits individuals of minority, as the dominant ideology of the west shows a white man having the power over all individuals. As the only way western society is capable in allowing their citizens full potentational to grow is to under... ...nicity and race are different they are all really interconnected together and face discrimination against the same source that is the dominant ideology of the west. The knowledge we acquire through the authors’ experiences makes the reader really think about the subject but in the end each individual chooses to do what they want with that knowledge and one can either follow in the steps of the power of the dominant ideology of the west or people can stand up for what they believe in and become activists so that future generations will not become a stereotype that the dominant ideology of the west negatively affects them. Works Cited Espiritu,Yen Le. "Race,Class&Gender in Asian america. In Making Waves: New writing by Asian American Women. Hill,Lawrence," Zebra growing up black and white in canada' King,Thoma," You'll never belive what happebned"

The Chasm between France and the United States Essays -- Foriegn Polic

The Chasm between France and the United States France and the United States have a long history of alliance. In the recent past cooperation has been limited, if not reluctant on both parts, and the relationship is evolving. On some levels, the two are not called to deal directly with each other, instead, there is an American identity versus a European identity, as well as an American identity versus a French identity. However, the special relationship between France and the United States is far from being over, and good relations between the two are vital to both countries in order to pursue the national interests of each. This research will consider the differences in foreign policy perspective between the US and France during the Bosnian crisis, the war in Afghanistan, and the International Criminal Court issue, attempting to illustrate the awkwardness of the synchronization of policy between France and the United States. The important changes that have taken place in each nation’s government over the last 200 years have been the driving cause of the evolution of the relationship between the Americans and the French in their passage from two infant democracies conceived in the idealism of the late 18th century to the current world powers that each currently has become. From the beginning of its independence from Great Britain, the United States has had a sort of marriage with France, if for the wrong reasons, which lasted until perhaps WW2, before France’s post WW2 humiliation and De Gaulle’s attempts to restore national power. The separation came during the cold war, during what could be called a mid-century crisis, in which France sought to prove their independence from the increasing... ... Alliance Since World War II. Maxwell MacMillan Canada Inc., 1992. 4. Dempsey, Judy. â€Å"Europe’s Divided Self.† Financial Times 09 July 2002. 5. Hagund, David G.â€Å"The France-US Leadership Race,Closely Watched Allies,†Queens Quarterly Press (Kingston,Ontario: 2000). 6. Holmes, Stephen. â€Å"Liberalism in the Mirror of Transnational Terror† The Tocqueville Review Vol. XXII No: 2-2001Philippe Roger, quoted in John Vincour, â€Å"Why France Disdains America,† The International Herald Tribune 9 Oct. 2002 7. Kagan, Robert. â€Å"Power and Weakness.† Policy Review, No. 113. 8. Rà ©my, Daniel. Qui Veut Tuer la France? (Paris: Jaques Grancher Editeur, 1999) 9.Shapiro, Jeremy, et al. â€Å"The Role of France in the War on Terrorism.† (The Brookings Institution, 2002). 10. Vincour, John. â€Å"Why France Disdains America.† The International Herald Tribune 9 October 2002.

Soil Sample

Discussion: D10 = 0. 078mm D30 = 0. 125mm D60 = 0. 55mm Cc = (D30)2 / [D10 x D60] = 0. 1252 / [0. 55 x 0. 078] = 0. 36422 < 1 Cu = D60 / D10 = 0. 55 / 0. 078 =7. 0513 > 6 If a soil is well-graded, it should satisfy 1 < Cc < 3 Cu > 4 (for gravels) Cu > 6 (for sand) Note that, from our result, Cc is much smaller than one. So by the constraints 1 < Cc < 3, we can conclude that the testing soil is not well-graded, but poorly graded. And the Cu obtained is 7. 0513 > 6, which implies that the sample should be sand but not gravels. Furthermore, we may classify the sample following the table below accurately:As we see our sample contains 17. 16% of gravel which satisfy the constraints of gravelly sand. So we may further conclude that the sample is poorly-graded gravelly sand. (3) For the engineering application of results, we may see that as sieve analysis test (dry sieve) results in gradation of sample in well-graded or poorly graded on the basis of their particle sizes and its size distribution, so the result can be an indicator of other engineering properties such as compressibility, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity which is important in construction engineering and geotechnical engineering.In an engineering design, the gradation of soil often controls the design and ground water drainage of the site. For example a poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil because there are more void spaces in a poorly graded soil. And other example is a well graded soil is able to be compacted more than a poorly graded soil. Most types of projects may have gradation requirements that must be met before the soil to be used is accepted.Conclusion: From the above result, the sample is classified as poorly-graded gravelly sand. The result is useful for the type of use of the site in further development. These poorly graded stone is good for drainage but not as a kind of foundation support. The importance of the gradation o f soil is understood so that soil can be based in different use and will not induce unwanted accident in construction engineering or geotechnical engineering.

Healthy Living Essay

Why is a healthy lifestyle so important for us? It is important because it can help us to avoid the disease and illnesses such as hypertension and cancer. Having a healthy lifestyle also makes the life become more enjoyable and the most important thing is a way to keep our body in good condition in order to accomplish day-to-day tasks. When you’re living a healthy lifestyle in your future, it will make all of us have a healthy body and mind. It is also very important to have a healthy lifestyle because it will save your life in the future. By living a healthy lifestyle you will be fit and you’re able to do things that you have never done before, or even thought about. In addition, there are several ways to maintain a healthy lifestyle that is exercise, eating healthy and reducing stress. Exercising regularly is very important because through exercise it can boost the metabolism in our body. It also can help us burn off the excess calories in body and increase the mobility in our muscle and joints. Next, eating healthy is also a very important way. Eating healthy does not mean eating expensive food with little waste. We should choose to eat the food that contain minimal amount of unhealthy fats. We must also choose to eat a variety of different whole foods instead of eating processed foods. Last but not the least, healthy lifestyle can bring us lots of benefits that we can’t be expecting. Managing your weight is the key to obtaining all of the health benefits of a Healthy Lifestyle. A weight reduction of just 10% will significantly reduce risk of heart disease and other obesity-related illnesses. The other benefits are reduced tension and blood pressure. There are so many ways to having a healthy lifestyle and we can take more benefits from having a healthy life. So, let’s practice this healthy lifestyle by doing exercise regularly, have enough sleep, eat a balanced diet, and stay away from unhealthy habits such as consume junk food, and don’t ever having a lot of stress. Be healthy, be happy. Sources: www.health.com www.wholeliving.com www.healthylivingforlife.com www.shape.com

Gender Barriers in Communication Essay

Managers today have to face unique challenges while trying to manage a very diverse work force, and keeping communication lines clear and understood is one of these challenges. Remember that for any business, effective communication is an integral key to the success of any organization. No matter which way you look at it, communication flow is important at each and every level in order to function with focus, deliberate and accurate objectives, and controlled consistent results. Effective communication ensures that the communication contents are interpreted and understood in the way that it was intended to. Unfortunately there are barriers that have a negative effect on communication, and one of those barriers is called Gender Barriers in Communication. You are probably wondering just how do Gender Barriers affect Communication, and how did this Barrier develop? Well let’s find out. â€Å"D.E. McFarland has defined Communications as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings†(Jain, n.d., para. 1). We as humans are dependent on Communication in our everyday lives. To be honest, â€Å"the whole world is reliant on communication to complete even the most basic daily functions† (Braedyn, 2010, para. 2). It is the process by which we humans convey our thoughts and ideas verbally, with hope of being perceived and understood in the way the sender meant for it to be understood. With so many methods of communication in our modern day life, we are bombarded with Email, Facebook, Voicemail, memo’s, and phone calls. All of which are forms of communication. Why even the act of rolling your eyes and shrugging fall in as a form of communication. But even with all these forms available at our disposal, miscommunication occurs. â€Å"Gender Barriers are any misunderstanding or confusion in the intended message caused by male and female differences, which results as a communication barrier† (Braedyn, 2010, para. 4). Communication must be understood by both men and women in order to be effective, and in order to fully understand these differences we need to see just how they began. Gender communication differences begin in early childhood, as soon as a child is pegged as either female or male. Gender starts with the assignment to a sex category on the final basis of what the infants genitalia looks like. This sex category becomes the main defining factor as to how this child will be dressed, named, and spoken to. â€Å"The development of a gendered identity starts from the very moment babies are identified as male or female as they experience societal, familial, and cultural interactions† Both males and females are taught different linguistic styles. For instance our childhood is influenced by nursery rhymes that give subtle instruction on how different genders are and should be perceived. â€Å"Snips and snails and puppy dog tails, that’s what little boys are made of. Sugar and spice and everything nice, that’s what little girls are made† (Rafael, n.d., para. 2). These subtle instructions set the stage, and are just the beginning fo r future gender differences. Zittleman states that â€Å"Gender stereotypes have a history that begins with learned beliefs of femininity and masculinity† (Zittleman, 2006). Learned beliefs that allow for reinforcing different behavioral types on our children. For example boys are allowed to have rough language, play loudly, and be rambunctious. They are also taught that it is not seen as being manly if you show emotion by crying, this behavior is reinforced by telling them to be tough and suck it up. Girls on the other hand are taught early on to behave like a lady and to use their manners. They are also told to play quietly, and that it is okay to show your feelings and cry. Crying is allowed on the feminine side. These gender differences have helped to create behaviors and patterns. Men usually are factual, direct, and honest, which explains why they only speak about 7000 words a day. Their communication behaviors that men display usually revolve around competition, rank, power, logic, and reason. Men build relationships as projects are being worked on, and they process information internally when working on making decisions. Female’s method of communication differs largely from that of males. Women are raised to be of the nurturing persuasion, indirect, and very respectful. They have a bad habit of apologizing excessively, and their style is more of a rapport type of talk, whereas males have a more report type style. Women build relationships in order to accomplish specific projects, they are comfortable in communicating about their feelings, relationships, and personal subjects like their feelings and emotions. No wonder women speak on average about 25000 words a day. Another difference in how men and women communicate is how the information they are receiving is being processed. The female and male brain process information very differently. Men process information on their left side of the brain, whereas women use both left and right hemispheres; men process analytically, and women process abstractly. Now that we fully understand the reasons and the differences behind Gender Communication Barriers, what can we do to bridge the differences and proactively improve communication in everyday life? â€Å"Men and women would need to make themselves fully aware of each other’s different communication styles, and be open in trying to break any biases or stereotypes† (Lieberman, n.d., para. 3). In conclusion, even though men and women process information and communicate differently, by working together and understanding each other’s differences they can begin to bridge the gap. Businesses stand to benefit â€Å"by committing to develop a firm culture that recognizes, embraces, and leverages individual differences, you will experience greater productivity, increased morale, higher recruiting and retention rates, and improved financial performance† (American Instritute of CPA’s, 2012, para. 3). References American Instritute of CPA’s. (2012). www.cpa2biz.com Braedyn, A. M. (2010, February 1). Improve Communication Skills. Suite 101. Retrieved from http://suite101.com/article/improve-communication-skills-a196668 Jain, R. (n.d.). The Barriers to Effectivce Communication. Ezine Articles. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communication&id=1210011 Lieberman, S. (n.d.). Gender Communication Differences and Strategies . Retrieved from http://www.simmalieberman.com/articles/genderstrategies.html Rafael, J. K. (n.d.). Why Don’t You Understand? Gender Communication Differences. Hub Pages. Retrieved from http://jillkrapfl.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Dont-You-Understand-Gender-Communication-Differences Zittleman, Karen. (2006). â€Å"Being a Girl and Being a Boy: The Voice of Middle Schoolers.†

Todays selection processes are impartial, rational and effective. To Essay - 1

Todays selection processes are impartial, rational and effective. To what extent is this statement a myth - Essay Example In this paper, the focus will be on the selection processes of present times and whether or not these have turned out to be effective, rational and impartial with the passage of time. It will be taken care of by providing a balanced perspective – one that is in line with the thinking ideologies of the people who matter the most. One shall believe that selection processes of late have turned out to be a myth more than anything else. This is because they are usually filled with people who are either someone’s relatives or close friends. There seems to be little impartiality attached with the notion of selection and recruitment as should be the case in the perfect scenario. The selection processes usually require a great deal of input from the human resources management department and without its due role within the thick of things, the different processes can go haphazard. This is a reality that has dawned upon different organizations as far as their selection processes are concerned. It would be correct to state that selection processes are usually marred with issues which are unethical in nature as well (Smith & Robertson 1993). What this means is the fact that these selection regimes have been unable to understand how different nuances of hiring the right people are followed and thus made a benchmar k in their own right. There are problems which must be resolved in an amicable manner so that the newly hired employees have a better feel of how things will shape up in the times to come (Laser 1994). What is most important here is to realize that the selection processes should be fair in their existence and give each and every candidate a chance to prove his mettle. If this does not come about in a proper manner, there could be issues which could mar the very basis of the selection that is being done under the aegis of an organization. It is necessary to ascertain the exact basis of success within the selection processes because these would speak

Assigment 4 - Questions Contemporary World Assignment

Assigment 4 - Questions Contemporary World - Assignment Example Basically, the administration was focused on stockpiling enough nuclear weapons and arsenal to prevent the country in case of an attack from the Soviet Union. The resulting outcome would be so immense that the enemy would be assured of â€Å"total destruction†. This led to the establishment of the philosophy of nuclear deterrence (Brown, 31). The concept of MAD was not only put into practice by the US/USSR but also the Cuban. The concept almost came into practice eight months after McNamara’s speech by the Cuban Missile Crisis. However, the conflict was solved amicably without military intervention. The Korean and Vietnam’s proxy wars played vital roles in the duration of the Cold war. The Vietnam War was major accredited to the latter stages of the development and the start of the cold war. On the other hand, the Korean War mainly contributed to the causes and development of the Cold War. These two wars exhibit some similarities and some contrasts mainly in the causes and development. These include; The Korean war was fought in the early 1950’s. It was characterized by heightened tension that resulted to communist threat to Asian borders. Coincidentally, Korean war coincided with China’s involvement in Cold War. Importantly, the war leads to massive increase in Cold war tensions hence the concept of McCarthyism. The war brought China in the limelight following the decision by US to cross Chinese borders. The stalemate that existed between the two countries signified change in leadership for USSR, hence reduced tension between the countries. The ideas of Glasnost and Gorbachev played a vital role in shaping the current status of Europe. The ideas of Glasnost and Gorbachev were characterized by openness and played a major role in political and economic restructuring of Europe (Gibbs, 17). It is worth noting that these ideologies deviated from the old centralized control and communists that had dominated major parts of

Managing High Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing High Performance - Essay Example It argues against the rigidities of autocracy. This style of management is successful in the sense that it does not demoralize employees and involves them in management, giving them an opportunity to be managers of themselves. Decision making is a crucial action in management and it encompasses influencing the direction that an organization takes in its business pursuits. Decision making processes can either be centralized or decentralized (Rao, 2008). Centralization of decision making leaves a few individuals with the responsibility of making crucial decisions that affect the operations of the firm. Decentralization of decision making process delegates decision making responsibilities to other employees including junior employees. The article Shared or unshared consensus decision in macaques? (Sueur, & Petit, 2008) emphasizes on decentralized decision making. This mode of making decisions is effective in terms of time and cost saving. It minimizes bureaucratic procedures and thus successfully efficient. Management styles can also be presented as formal or informal. The mode of management style adopted under this principle depends on the leadership interests of the firm. Informal management styles fail to accustom to specific procedures of conducting business within and without the firm. The article Cooperative behavior cascades in human social networks (Fowler & Christakis, 2010) promote formal management style. It minimizes employee redundancies and promotes result-oriented management and leadership. Employee inefficiencies and ineffectiveness prior to the operations of the firm are minimized or alleviated altogether. All the three aspects highlighted above in management and decision making processes relate to employee management in different contexts of working environments. The underlying difference is the management and

COFFEE DIRECT UK SOCIAL ENTERPRISE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

COFFEE DIRECT UK SOCIAL ENTERPRISE - Essay Example Due to the factors like technological advancements, developments in the communication process and globalisation, the terms of the trade are fast changing. The traditional beliefs and the conventional ways are being replaced by newer methodologies and tricks. The massive competition in the industry has helped the processes to become sharper and efficient. Traditionally, it was all about those companies that would have sold coffee powder and the coffees would specifically be prepared at home. But with time, the concept changed and new shops and organisations came up that claimed themselves to be professionally ran in order to sale various preparations of the celebrated drink. Coffee Direct is a front line organisation in that respect and claims itself to stock comprehensive selection of coffees. Established in 1990, Coffee Direct has been primarily a family run business. The group stocks wide range of coffees and teas and take pleasure to supply those to cafes, hotels, offices and also to home. The organisation also deals in the coffee machines all across the United Kingdom. Not only, it supplies but also it installs as well as commissions along with the add-on services like testing and maintenance of such machines. The Coffee Direct also provide free on-site training on the various of arts of coffee as it believe that without the knowledge of operating such machines, there is no point for the buyers to possess a high performance device. The training that the company provides is quite elaborate and includes the basic procedures of extracting the coffee in the proper and scientific way and also the organisation provides training on the various preparations of coffee like that of lattes, cappuccinos and various forms of espresso. The company makes it a point to carry out all the illustrations through adequately trained engineers (Coffee Direct, n.d.). The company acknowledges the fact that the two driving forces behind

Ratio Analysis- discuss comparative risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ratio Analysis- discuss comparative risk - Essay Example It remains around 30 for all these years (except 2009) which is a good sign for the company. As far as interest risk ratio for 1-year gap is concerned, it is also stable (except 2009) around 32. It means that the company will not fear from its interest rate risk as it is not increasing consistently. The capital adequacy risk appears to be fair enough to cover unforeseen losses and obligations of the bank towards the investors. For the five years, the ratio is almost constant (except for 2010) which means that the risk for being unable to discharge its obligations is not increasing showing a positive sign for the company (Exhibit 4). Comparing the ratios of PNC limited with its peer group, it seems quite clear that the company’s performance is better than the peer group with respect to credit risk ratio, interest risk ratio (both 1-year and 3-year gap) and capital adequacy ratio. However, PNC requires working with its liquidity ratio to have an advantage over its peer group. PNC needs to improve its liquidity ratio to have complete advantage over its peer. For this purpose PNC will have to adopt some measures to recollect the amounts lent to those who appear to be bad debts. Further, the company needs to take steps to collect cash amounts in lieu of interest on loan expanded by it to customers. The company should also withdraw some of its less earning investments. Further, PNC should revise its policy for its current regular interest paying customers to urge them pay as soon as possible. All these steps will enable the company to increase its liquidity and hence will be able to avoid any liquidity risk arising in the near future

Crime and Hand Unemployment Rate Essay Example for Free

Crime and Hand Unemployment Rate Essay Many contemporary macro-level theories of criminal behavior and empirical tudies pf crime rates address the relationship between economic factor and crime. Relationship between economic circumstances such as wage inflation and unemployment to criminal activity is the main subject matter of this study. Wage inflation and unemployment taken as predictors of crime rates. Unemployment and inflation are two intricately linked economic concept. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time and it is also erosion in the purchasing power of money. And unemployment occurs when a person is able to and willing to work but urrently without work. Unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor for who are unemployed. One causes of unemployment is inflation. Over the years there has been a number of economists trying to interpret the relationship between the concepts of inflation and unemployment. This relationship is also known as the Phillips curve. Phillips curve is an inverse relationship between rate of unemployment and rate of increase in money wages. The higher the rate of unemployment, the lower the rate of wage inflation. In other words, there is a radeoff between wage inflation and unemployment lead to a problem that individual do such a thing Just to endure it. It means that if you are unemployed you will do anything to earn and to survive for everyday living. For this, some people tend to commit crimes especially crime against property. It is a common observation of many countries that unemployment rates and all crime rates are positively associated but negatively in the wage inflation.

Exploring Networking Principles Components Computer Science Essay

Exploring Networking Principles Components Computer Science Essay It is a communications model that consumes the similar capabilities and can start a communication session.  This network definitely has no central server. Every computer makes its own functions and may share certain resources with 75 additional users on the network. The whole thing in the network are equal to peers which means they dont need a server role to play. Peer to peer network is easily to install and always set up in home environment as well as minor businesses. But every computer need to be conserved individually that can lead to undependability inside the network. The benefits or advantages and constraints of Peer to peer network. Benefits Constraints Easy installation and configuration on the network. The entire system is spread out and hardly to administer. Every information are shared through the peers network. Viruses can simply transmitted. One peer fail to function doesnt gives any effect to other network, therefore it is more consistent. Data recovery and backup is difficult therefore all computer that connects to this network must have its own backup system. User can control their public information which makes every user is the administration for their computer. Software is installed on each computer individually which takes up lots of time. Cost of building and maintain is cheap. Difficult to set up data structures as some private files maybe available to all the users. The Client Server Network It is a form of online network consist of of a single central computer performing as a server that leads to multiple other computers which is called clients. The clients can shared data saved on the computer. Moreover, the client server networks are the same generally to peer to peer networks but the difference is only the server that can start a particular transaction. The client server network can be applied into a single computer system, but then again is most commonly applied over many different sites. Therefore, it is likely for multiple computers to join and share information. Benefits Disadvantages There is centralized control which the servers help to administrate the whole set up. Access rights and resources sharing is done by the servers. Too many requests from clients will result in congestion which can lead to breaking down of servers. Every files is stored in the same place that makes it easily to search for. Client server is not strong therefore if one server is fail, the whole network cannot be function. If incase data is lost, it can be easily recovered efficiently which makes data easy to back up. To maintain the server and technical details of the network, they need professional network people. Server can play different roles for different clients. Expansive to setup and manage Security and access rights can be done during the set up of the server. How Star Tropology is different from the Ring and Bus topologies. Star tropology involve of a central nodes to which all other nodes are connected to central device called hub. The hub then will receives a signal that comes from any node and then passes it to all the other nodes in the network. While the data on a star network will be going through the hub, switch, or concentrator before proceed to its endpoint. This star topology will decreases the chance of network failure by linking all of the systems to a central node. When a building is wired with a star topology, faced cables radiate out from the center to intermediate connection point to wiring cables. This will lets sufficient connection point to be provided for one sub area, while providing flexibility in their allocation within that area. This is the advantages and disadvantages of using the Star topology. Advantages Disadvantages Easily to manage and locate the problems Always needs very long cable length when connecting many nodes More easier to expand If hub connector fails, nodes that is attached are not available. Easy to install and wire More expansive because cost of concentrators. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts Failure of one workstation does not affect the entire network The Ring network in every device will have just two neighbors for communication purposes. Every communications will go through a ring in the similar way. If there is failure in any cable or device, it will breakdown the loop and can take shutdown the whole network. To implement a ring network we use the Token Ring technology or small data packet, is always passed around the network. While a device wants to transmit, it reserves the token for the next following trip around, and at that point it will attach its data packet to it. The advantages and disadvantages of Ring topology is as follows: Advantages Disadvantages The capability to reach transmission rates of the order of 10 million bits per second The breakdown of a single node can affect all network to fail. More easily to accomplish. Changes or any movement made to the nodes will affects the performance of the whole network. Better communications over long distances. Finding fault is difficult. Handles high volume of traffic Isolation of fault is not easy. No central server which reduces the cost of creating the ring topology The Bus topology is the backbone to link all devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a public communication that devices attach or tap into with an interface connector. The device that wants to connect with another device on the network will sends a transmission communication onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended receiver actually accepts and processes the communication. To keep the signal that is send to all computers, from bouncing back and forth along the cable, a terminator will be put at the end of the cable. Only one computer can send data at a time, so the many the computers, the slower the transmission will be. This bus topology is the most popular along the LANs because they are cheap and easy to install. This is the advantages and disadvantages of using Bus Topology: Advantages Disadvantages Cheap and simple Fault diagnosis is difficult Only need short cable length Fault isolation is hard because the entire segment of the bus must be disconnected to isolated the fault. Easy to expand the network Cable length is limited. No risks of data collision since one computer transmit at a time It can perform well only for a limited number of nodes. Perfect for one to many data transmission Signal on the cable are bidirectional hence reaches all the nodes Locating cable fault is easy Task 2: Evaluate the impact of current network technology, communication as standards. Task 3: Discuss the role of software and hardware components. Windows Server System Windows Server refers to every kind of server instance that is installed, operated and managed through the Windows Server family of operating systems. Windows Server shows and also offers the same capability, structures as well as operating mechanism of a normal server operating system and is created on the Windows NT architecture. Windows Server is usually capable of providing server-oriented services, for example the capability to host a website, user management, resource management across users and applications, messaging, security and authorization.  Windows Server software includes, Windows 2000 Server, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows HPC Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 8. How Windows Server System is different from Workstation System. Windows Server System device that make service for connected clients as part of client server architecture. Furthermore, it can be a computer system that has been selected to runs a specific server application . It can also serve applications to users on an intranet. A workstation could also contain special audio, video, or processing cards for distinct editing work. The Workstation is a personal computer that is used for high end applications such as graphic design, video editing, CAD, 3-D design, or other CPU and RAM intensive programs. Typically, it has a top of the line, fast processor, multiple hard drives, and a lot of RAM memory. A workstation is promoted by computer manufacturers to professional users, while the server is more of a usefulness device. The differences in function is that the servers save files such as  html, images, video and applications accessible online for the client computer to use. Several computers is allow to share applications or an internet connection. The function of a workstation is to complete high end applications for example, graphic design, video editing and many more. The Workstations are mainly to be used by one person at a time. Even though they can regularly be accessed remotely by other users when needed. But, the Servers work on the task of linking the user and generally will have no single user. The different between server operating system and workstation operating system. About the setup: Computer servers come using enough memory for maintenance anywhere from two to hundreds workstations as well as a hard drive have large space to store applications that are large enough to support the same. Workstations originated with plenty memory and hard drive space to support one system. The Applications One computer server will store internet capability, databases and intranet hosting that the other workstations will save the information. One computer workstation houses a portion of the application is create on the server enough to operate smaller projects. The Uses   The Servers will maintain banking, education, governmental and private home networking structures. While the workstations work on the information or data found in those structures. The Operating Systems   Servers can run off a Windows,  Linux  or Unix constructed by operating systems. On the other hand, the workstations characteristically run off the similar operating system with the server does. The Access   Individual network administrators, system administrators, or other system security personnel are acceptable to access to business servers. Workstation access is decided by the individual sources through network administrators. Task 4: Discuss server types and selection requirements. Database Server Database server refers to a server dedicated to provide database services. A database server normally can be seen in a client-server environment where it delivers information required by the client systems. Using a database server, every data of the organization is kept in one location. The Database server , a will client perform SQL requests to the database server. Moreover, in all theories of the Database server serves its own power to produces the request or search the requested result. The Database server some time also known as SQL engine. Every and each database functions are organized by the database server. Several type of computer can be used as database server. It could be microcomputer, minicomputer as well as mainframe computer. The mainframe computers are used as server in a large organizational businesses. The Database server manages the recovery security services of the Database Management System. It carry out the limitations that are specified inside the Database Management System. It controls as well as manages each clients that are connected to it. This will handle all database access and control functions. Several users can access the database at the same time. The whole data is stored on the data server therefore, the Database administrator can easily form the backup of the database. Database Software and Hardware requirements: The processor needs minimum of 2GHz or higher. The memory will have minimum of 1.5GB RAM but if for the best result users also can use the 2GB RAM. Disk space minimum of 2GB required for product package installation and the resources that users develop. The display must be 1024 x 786 display minimum using 256 colors or more for the better outcome. Use the Eclipse and JDK versions. This version of the product was developed for use with Eclipse 3.4.2, using the IBM ® JDK 1.6 SR 5. These versions are included with the product package. While considering a databases in the client-server model, the database server could be the back-end of the database application or could be the hardware computer that hosts the instance. Occasionally, it might referring to the mixture of both hardware and software. In mid-sized installation, the hardware database server normally host the server part of the software application that uses the database. This request will connect to the database through specific ports and use inter-process communication to log into as well as to access the data local in the database. However, in the large setups, there might be like one computer will be unable to handle the load the capacity of connections. A database software will exist in a dedicated computer, and the application on another. Web Server A Web  server  is a program that, using the  client server  model and the World Wide Webs Hypertext Transfer Protocol (  HTTP  ), serves the files that form Web pages to Web users. All the computer on the Internet that contains a Web site must have a Web server program. Two leading Web servers are  Apache  , the most widely-installed Web server, and Microsofts Internet Information Server (  IIS  ). Other Web servers include Novells Web Server for users of its NetWare  operating system and IBMs family of Lotus Domino servers, primarily for IBMsOS/390  and  AS/400  customers. Web servers usually arise as a part of a larger package of Internet- and intranet linked to software package for serving e-mail, downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (  FTP  ) files, and building also publishing Web pages. Considerations in choosing a Web server include exactly how good it works with the operating system, its ability to handle server-side programming, security characteristics, and publishing, search engine, and site building tools that might come with it. Function of web server AddHeader Offer by the Web Server. ISAPI filters call this function to add an HTTP header to the outgoing response. AddResponseHeaders Offer also by the Web Server. ISAPI filters call this function to add a header to the HTTP response. AllocMem Offer by the Web Server. ISAPI filters call this function to allocate memory from the process heap to a buffer. GetExtensionVersion This function is called by the Web Server when the ISAPI extension is first loaded for the function name defined by the header. GetFilterVersion This function is the main entry-point function offer by the Web Server on your ISAPI filter, and must be present for the filter to work correctly. GetHeader Offer by the Web Server. ISAPI filters call this function to retrieve a header from the Web Server. GetServerVariable (ISAPI Extensions) This is an application-defined function. ISAPI extensions call this function to save information about an HTTP connection about the Windows Embedded CE Web Server itself. GetServerVariable (ISAPI Filters) This is an application-defined function. ISAPI filters call this function to save information about an HTTP connection or about the Windows Embedded CE Web Server. HttpExtensionProc This is an application-defined function. It is the core entry point for an ISAPI extension called by the Web Server. HttpFilterProc This function is called whenever a notification event for which the filter has registered (in GetFilterVersion) occurs. ReadClient This is an application-defined function. ISAPI extensions call this function to read data from the body of the clients HTTP request. ServerSupportFunction (ISAPI Extensions) This is offers by the Web Server. This callback function is supplied in the extension control block that is related with the current HTTP request. ServerSupportFunction (ISAPI Filters) This callback function is offers by the Web Server. ISAPI filters call this function to achieve a wide variety of tasks. Hardware and Software Apache HTTP Server This software is created under the Apache license, which makes it free and open source. Apache is accessible for a range of operating systems, including Unix, Linux, Novell Netware, Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, and FreeBSD. Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) This comes as an possible component of most Windows operating systems. IIS can be install by using  Add/Remove Windows Components  from  Add or Remove Programs  in the Control Panel. Sun Java System Web Server Based on the Sun One Web Server, the Sun Java System Web Server is designed for average to huge business applications. Sun Java System Web Server is available for most operating systems. File server A file server is a computer in charge for the essential storage as well as the management of data files and the computer on the similar network can view the files. It lets users to share the data without physically moving from one to another computer. Whichever computer can be organized to be a hos as well as to act as a file server. A program or instrument that allows the required processes for file allocation is also refer to a file server. File Server can be used to provide load-balancing between server and also can be used as a storage server to store important documents. Print devices also can be joined to a Print Server and then shared as a single printer. File Server Software Hardware. Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard/Enterprise/ Datacenter Twisted pair 32bit / 1GB or better Ethernet cards Twisted pair switch with sufficient ports Cabling Ethernet level 5 or 6 twisted pair be centrally shared through a Print Server. The thing to consider in File server is when in a Windows ®Ã‚  environment, the file server must both be a member of the identical domain as the management server besides having a trust relationship with that domain.The management server must require complete reading or write access to the share. The user ID as well as the password that were used to install  IBM ®Director Server  have to be also exists on the file server. If not, the software uses have to runs from the management server. The share need to let read access to every managed systems that need to access the share. If the file-distribution server is organized as an FTP server, users can pick to use FTP when relocating packages from the management server to the share. Users also can allow null credentials to access the share so that they dont have to identify a user ID and password for every managed system or group that needs to access the share. In condition to users dont want null credentials, the user have to ins tall operating-system account on the file server. This account need to read access to the share and also to enter the user ID and password to arrange distribution preferences for managed systems. Task 5: Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with network components. Network Interface Card A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a device that lets computers to be combined together in a network, naturally a Local Area Network (LAN). Networked computers communicate with each other using a specific protocol for transferring data packets among the different machines or nodes. The network interface card acts as an translator, letting the machine to mutually send and obtain data on a LAN. Information Technology (IT) specialists frequently use these cards to setup wired or wireless networks. Function and Purpose of an NIC After building a LAN, a network interface card is set up in every single computer on the network and must use the same architecture such as Ethernet cards, Token Ring cards, or an alternate technology. An Ethernet network interface card is set up in an existing slot inside the computer, classically on the motherboard. The NIC allocates a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address to the machine, that is used to direct traffic amongst the computers on a network.  Network cards  as well change data starting at parallel format, used by computers, to a serial format necessary in data transfers and then back again to accept the data. Wired Networks A cards back plate structures a port that turns a data cable, such as an Ethernet cable, that runs from every NIC to a central hub or switch. The hub acts like a transmission, passing data among the computers through their MAC addresses as well as let them to share assets like printers and scanners. Furthermore, in a wired network, a cable actually joins each computer to each other or to a hub. Wireless Networks Wireless cards are installed like their wired counterparts, but rather than a port for a cable, the card features a small antenna. The NIC interconnects with a central wireless switch or hub via radio waves. Wireless LANs  are frequently suitable, but might have several limitations depending on the material a structure is made from. Choosing the Right NIC When purchasing components for a LAN, it is essential to ensure that the NICs and hub or switch have the similar abilities. The whole network must be either wired or wireless, except if components are specifically chosen that have both functionalities. In addition, different versions of hardware usually support new features plus greater data speeds than older tools. How a network without Network Interface Card Several NIC cards work with wired connections although others are wireless. Most NICs support either wired Ethernet or WiFi wireless standards. Ethernet NICs plug into the system bus of the PC and contain jacks for network cables, while WiFi NICs contain built-in transmitters . Without it, users cannot access to the internet at all because there is NIC connected around the area. There is no signal receiver to transmit data. Network switch A  network switch  is a device that manages the involvement of numerous computers or networks on the matching data connection. A network switch not include hubs or repeaters, as these devices do not consist of every type of logical processors. A network switch can support 10/100 Mbit/s or 10/100/1000 Mbit/s port transfer rates. It is likely to have numerous network switches operating at diverse speeds on the same network. On the other hand, this form of setup gives itself to bottlenecks and restricts the potential routes available for the flow of data. The network switch functions as the traffic management system within the network, directing data packets to the correct destination. These devices are used to link minor devices to the network as well as to make sure the full cost effectiveness and the ability to share properties. The characteristic to setup of a network switch is two computers, one printer, and a  wireless router. Every devices are connected to the network switch, and each item have to be clearly well-known and connection rules produced. When the setup is complete, every computer on the network, will use the similar printer. They also can transfer files to each other and anyone with a wireless card can access the network, print and transfer files. The network switch is intended to let the resources to be shared without decreasing performance. Network Cable Network cable is used to connect and transfer data among computers and a network. The best popular used types of network cable are the twisted pair, coaxial, Ethernet cross over, and fiber optic. The unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable is used in several Ethernet networks. Each pair of wires that is housed inside of the lining cable is twisted into some additional rotations to prevent interfering from new devices on the network. The arrangement of this type of cable increases its consistency as well as it helps to reduce network disasters. Coaxial cable, or coax, is a different common type of network cable. It has a copper conductor in its center and a plastic coating serves as an insulator among the center conductor and also a metal shield. The cable is then protected with a coating. The thicker the coating which less pliable affords extra shield. Ethernet crossover cable is used to connect a computer network made up of two or more computers. This kind of network cable rejects the need for network switches or routers. The cable also let the computers to be connected with their network adaptors, such as the network interface card (NIC). Fiber optic network cables are used for networks that extent large distance. This category of cabling has some layers of protecting coating. It also transmits light as opposed to electrical signals like other cables. Furthermore, fiber optic is as well transmits data at high speeds and is therefore used in large network environments. As wireless networks become more and more popular, network cable is becoming less necessary. Still, many systems, especially large scale systems, continue to rely on network cables.